Tenothrips frici (Uzel, 1895)

Thripinae, Thripidae, Terebrantia, Thysanoptera

Figures

Fig. 1: 8-segmented antenna, segments III and IV with forked sense cone, terminal segments IV-VIII
Fig. 2: Head dorsal with ocellar triangle
Fig. 3: Head ventral with sclerotized ommatidia
Fig. 4: Pronotum
Fig. 5: Meso- and metanotum
Fig. 6: Fore wing and fore wing middle region
Fig. 7: Sternites VI and VII
Fig. 8: Tergites VIII and IX

Tenothrips frici is a flower-living pest of various members of the family Asteraceae. Both sexes fully winged. Body color brown to dark brown; tarsi and fore tibiae paler; antennal segments III-V and basal half of VI yellow; fore wings light brown. Antennae 8-segmented; segments III & IV with short forked sense cone (Fig. 1). Head wider than long; without sculpture between eyes; 3 pairs of ocellar setae present, pair III slightly longer than distance between hind ocelli and longer than pair II, setae III arising on anterior margins of ocellar triangle; postocular setae small and close to posterior margin of eyes; compound eyes with 4 or more pigmented facets (Fig. 2 and 3). Pronotum with transverse lines of sculpture; 2 pairs of long posteroangular setae; posterior margin with 4 pairs of setae (Fig. 4). Mesofurca with spinula. Metanotum with equiangular reticulation, posterior reticles forming distinctive arc at posterior margin; median setae longer than lateral setae and arising at anterior margin; campaniform sensilla absent (Fig. 5). Mid and hind tarsi 2-segmented. Fore wing first vein with 1 seta medially and 2-3 setae closer to apex; second vein with complete row of about 12 setae (Fig. 6). Tergites III-VII with no sculpture medially; tergite VIII with few scattered microtrichia anterior to spiracle, but no ctenidia, and posteromarginal comb absent medially but with short microtrichia on broadly triangular bases laterally (Fig. 8); tergite X with complete longitudinal split. Sternites without discal setae; median setae on sternite VII arising in front of posterior margin (Fig. 7).
Male similar to female but smaller; tergite IX median setae longer than sub-median setae; sternites III-VII with large oval glandular area occupying half of length of each sternite.

The genus Tenothrips Bhatti, 1967
The genus includes 19 Old World flower-living species, mainly from the Mediterranean region. Members of Tenothrips have 8-segmented antennae, antennal segments III & IV with forked sense cone, head with 3 pairs of ocellar setae, pronotum with 2 pairs of posteroangular and 4 pairs of posteromarginal setae, metanotum reticulate with median setae at anterior margin, tergite VIII without ctenidia, and sternite VII median setae arising in front of posterior margin (Mound & Marullo 1996).

Tenothrips frici is similar to species of Ceratothripoides and Craspedothrips, Diarthrothrips coffeae, Lefroyothrips pictus and Megalurothrips sjostedti in having 8-segmented antennae with forked sense cone on segments III and IV and 2 pairs of elongate pronotal setae posteroangularly, in lacking ctenidia laterally on tergites V-VIII and lacking regular rows of fine microtrichia on lateral thirds of tergites. Tenothrips frici as well as Megalurothrips sjostedti differ from other species by the comb of short microtrichia only laterally on posterior margin of tergite VIII, whereas other species possess a continuous craspedum (Craspedothrips hargreavesi), no comb of microtrichia (Craspedothrips xanthocerus, Diarthrothrips coffeae) or a complete posteromarginal comb of slender microtrichia on tergite VIII (species of Ceratothripoides and Lefroyothrips pictus). Compared to Tenothrips frici, in Megalurothrips sjostedti the forked sense cone on antennal segment IV extending to a point at least a third to base of segment V, the pronotum has only 3 pairs of posteromarginal setae, the metanotal median area is weakly sculptured particularly on posterior half and with campaniform sensilla, the fore wings are banded, the fore wing first vein with an almost complete row of setae but usually with a short subapical gap followed by 2 setae, and median marginal setae on sternite VII arise at posterior margin. In Tenothrips frici the forked sense cone on antennal segment IV is scarcely extending beyond base of segment V, the pronotum has 4 pairs of posteromarginal setae, the metanotal median area is distinctly sculptured with mainly equiangular reticulation and without campaniform sensilla, the fore wings are uniformly light brown, the fore wing first vein has only 1+2 setae on distal half, and median marginal setae on sternite VII arise in front of posterior margin.

Life history
As with other thrips species the life cycle from egg to adult is dependent on temperature. The full cycle can take about 15 days (Lewis 1973) to over a month and adults may live for more than one month producing several generations in one year depending on seasonal weather. With greenhouse temperatures the developmental time from egg to adult can decrease to about one week.

Host plants
Asteraceae, particularly weedy species: Centaurea sp. (star thistles), Hypochaeris sp. (cat's ear).

Vector capacity
None identified, but possible mechanical distribution of phytopathogenic fungi and bacteria.

Damage and symptoms
-

Detection and control strategies
-

Biogeography

Widespread around the world in warm temperate areas: Africa, Asia, Australia, New Zealand, Central and South America, Europe, North America. Morocco (Marrakech), South Africa (Western Cape).

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